“Persistent depressive disorder 2024 (PDD)”:

• Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a long-term form of depression that may not be as severe as major depression but is still significant. People with PDD experience persistent dark or depressed mood for most days over a period of at least two years. This condition can affect anyone, regardless of age, and is often treated through a combination of medication, therapy, and healthy lifestyle habits.

Overview:

What is persistent depressive disorder?

• PDD, formerly known as dysthymia, is characterized by persistent low mood that lasts longer, along with other depressive symptoms. These symptoms can persist most of the day, almost every day, making everyday life challenging.

What is the difference between depression and persistent depressive disorder?

• While PDD is a form of depression, it differs from major depressive disorder in its duration and intensity. Major depressive episodes are more intense but shorter, while PDD persists for at least two years in adults and one year in children and teens without significant breaks.

How common is chronic depression?

• Chronic depression, or PDD, is relatively common, affecting more than 3% of the U.S. population at some point. It’s more frequent in women and people with a family history of the condition.

Symptoms and causes:

What causes persistent depressive disorder?

• Exact cause of PDD not clear, but it’s thought to be associated with low levels of serotonin, a hormone that affects mood and well-being. Life events such as job loss, death of a loved one, a traumatic experience, or breakup can also trigger PDD.

What are the symptoms of PDD?

PDD’s hallmark symptom is a widespread depressed or low mood. Other symptoms may include:

– Fatigue

– Feeling of despair or worthlessness

– Changes in appetite, loss of hunger or  either overeating

– Difficulty concentrating

– Low energy levels

– Low self-esteem

– Problems at work or school

– Sleep disturbance, including insomnia or excessive sleepiness

Many individuals with PDD also experience major depressive episodes at least once, a condition sometimes referred to as “double depression.”

Understanding and identifying PDD is key to managing it effectively. Seeking professional help and following treatment plan can greatly improve affected people’s quality of life.

Diagnosis and Testing:

How ​​is persistent depressive disorder diagnosed?

• If you suspect you have persistent depressive disorder, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. A diagnosis of PDD cannot be made through a simple test; instead, it relies on a detailed conversation with your provider. They may ask questions such as:
  • Do you often feel sad or depressed?
  • Are there any specific events or triggers behind your feelings?
  • Do you have trouble sleeping or concentrating?
  • Are you taking any medications?
  • How long have you been feeling these symptoms?
  • Do these symptoms persist, or come and go?

To rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, your provider may order blood or urine tests. They may also refer you to a psychologist or psychiatrist, who specialize in mental health and can provide further evaluation and support.

Management and treatment:

How ​​is persistent depressive disorder treated?

• Management of PDD usually involves a combination of medication and talk therapy.
• Antidepressants are commonly prescribed to reduce symptoms of depression. There are two main types of antidepressant drugs:

– Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

– Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

• It’s important to note that these medications can take a month or more to work. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions closely and don’t stop taking medication without consulting them, even if you start to feel better or experience side effects.
• Therapy is another important component of PDD treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is particularly effective. CBT involves working with a therapist to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.  This therapy helps you understand how your thoughts and feelings affect your actions and teaches you strategies to promote more positive thinking.
• With the right combination of medication and therapy, people with PDD can control their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Prevention:

Can I prevent persistent depressive disorder?

While you can’t stop depression completely, there are steps you can take to reduce its severity:

• Eat a balanced diet:  Consuming nutritious foods can improve your overall well-being.
• Exercise regularly:  Physical activity several times a week can boost your mood and energy levels.
• Limit alcohol and avoid recreational drugs: These substances can exacerbate depressive symptoms.
• Follow medication guidelines: Take any prescribed medication as directed and communicate with your healthcare provider about any side effects.
• Monitor changes: Track any changes in your symptoms and discuss them with your healthcare provider.

Outlook/Prediction:

What is the outlook for people with persistent depressive disorder?

• With the right combination of medication, therapy and lifestyle changes, it’s possible to manage PDD and feel better. However, some individuals may experience depressive symptoms throughout their lives. Many people with PDD also suffer from episodes of major depression. If your depression worsens, contacting your healthcare provider is essential.

When should I seek immediate care?

• If you have thoughts of harming yourself or harming others, seek help immediately. Reach a healthcare provider, friend or family member. You can also Contact Crisis Lifeline  & Suicide  at-988. Remember, you’re not alone, and there’s always someone ready to help.

Staying together:

How can I deal with persistent depressive disorder?

Beyond medication and therapy, engaging in activities you enjoy can help manage PDD. Consider:

• Do someone else something kind.
• Watching a movie, attending a show, or going to a ballgame.
• Spending time with positive, supportive people.
• Exploring creative activities like painting or arts and crafts.
• Enjoying the outside.
• Socializing with friends, whether in person or over the phone.
• Taking a yoga class, learning to meditate, or going for a walk with a friend.

Additional questions:

What is persistent depressive disorder?

A. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic form of mild to moderate depression. People with PDD experience persistent depressed, dark, or low mood, along with at least two other symptoms of depression, most days of a long day.